From:
sukiec@optonline.net
Date: 2006-09-16 15:59:23 UTC
Subject: [ferrethealth] Re: Ferret needs BOTH upper canines extracted
To: ferrethealth@smartgroups.com
This relates to the off-shoot topic of medications which can discolor teeth=
:
http://oral.healthcentersonline.com/newsstories/potentialnewtreatmentstaine=
dteeth.cfm
BEGIN QUOTE
Some medications, particularly the antibiotic tetracycline, are known to ca=
use a permanent dark gray or brown stain deep within the tooth. The stains =
may cover the entire tooth evenly or may form horizontal stripes of varying=
intensity.
END QUOTE
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/84/7/596
is the journal article, "Drug-induced Disorders of Teeth" from Critical Re=
views in Oral Biology & Medicine and contains mentions of multiple medicati=
ons which can stain teeth.
BEGIN QUOTES
A range of drugs can affect the teeth (Billings et al., 2004). Drugs that h=
ave the potential to induce changes in teeth can be classified as those lea=
ding to:
tooth discoloration (intrinsic and extrinsic), =
physical damage to tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum); and =
alteration in tooth sensitivity. =
Drugs that affect other oral tissues have been discussed previously (Scully=
and Bagan, 2004).
...
Extrinsic discoloration occurs after the tooth has erupted into the mouth. =
The drug subsequently causes superficial discoloration (Fig. 1) which can b=
e removed by toothbrushing or professional cleaning.
...
Drugs that are well-recognized as causing extrinsic discoloration include c=
hlorhexidine (Jensen, 1977, 1978; Addy et al., 1979; Prayitno and Addy, 197=
9; Addy and Roberts, 1981), oral iron salts in liquid form (Dental Practiti=
oners Formulary, 2004), essential oils (Moran et al., 1991; Addy et al., 19=
95) and co-amoxiclav (Garcia-Lopez et al., 2001)
...
>From January, 1991, until June, 1995, 25 cases were reported to the Netherl=
ands Pharmacovigilance Foundation (LAREB) of yellow to brown tooth discolor=
ation following the oral use of liquid medication; 84% involved antibiotics=
, of which 14 were amoxicillin (Meyboom et al., 1996). Since 1979, the Dutc=
h Centre for Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Drugs received 37 reports o=
f tooth discoloration, attributed to the use of drugs, mostly to the use of=
amoxicillin and doxycycline or minocycline. Pseudo-discolorations are chie=
fly caused by antimicrobial agents, possibly by chromogenic precipitates in=
the pellicle, or by overgrowth with chromogenic micro-organisms (de Wit et=
al., 1996). With the increasing frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphyl=
ococcus aureus in immunocompromised hosts, clinicians are increasingly pres=
cribing the oral antimicrobial linezolid, an oxazolidinone. An immunocompro=
mised 11-year-old girl with cellulitis was reported to develop superficial =
discoloration of her lower anterior teeth after receiving linezolid for 28 =
days (Matson and Miller, 2003).
...
Intrinsic tooth discoloration is permanent and occurs when the drug interfe=
res with odontogenesis.
...
Discoloration or damage to tooth structure may occur when the total daily i=
ntake of the fluoride ion from sources such as water, toothpaste, prescribe=
d drops, and tablets is high while the enamel is undergoing pre-eruptive fo=
rmation and maturation. =
...
In the early 1960=92s, clinical evidence began to appear suggesting that te=
tracycline could cause tooth discoloration (Olsen and Riley, 1966). This as=
sociation was subsequently substantiated by several clinical and laboratory=
studies demonstrating that tetracycline becomes irreversibly bound to calc=
ified tooth structures if it is administered during the calcification stage=
of tooth development (Guggenheimer, 1984). Tetracyclines are now well-reco=
gnized to result in the discoloration of tooth enamel when prescribed durin=
g tooth development.
Females exposed to tetracycline during the second or third trimester of pre=
gnancy may give birth to a child who will have discolored teeth. The teeth =
may become bright yellow upon development, and the stains will eventually t=
urn to grey or brown over time (Driscoll et al., 1993)
...
Minocycline may cause abnormal pigmentation of the skin, thyroid gland, nai=
ls, bone, sclerae, and conjunctivae in adults. It has also been shown to ca=
use tooth and bone discoloration in a few patients (Wolfe and Reichmeister,=
1984; Cale et al., 1988; Dodd et al., 1998; Cheek and Heymann, 1999; McKen=
na et al., 1999). Minocycline can stain teeth (Dodd et al., 1998). =
...
Staining of the adult dentition appears to occur in 3=966% of patients taki=
ng long-term minocycline at > 100 mg daily (Berger et al., 1989; Westbury a=
nd Najera, 1997). The onset of discoloration can occur at any time from 1 m=
onth to many years after the initiation of treatment (Poliak et al., 1985; =
Westbury and Najera., 1997).
...
Ciprofloxacin=97a quinolone given intravenously to infants at dosages of 10=
to 40 mg/kg/day to treat infections with Klebsiella=97has been associated =
with greenish discoloration of the teeth when they erupted, and the discolo=
ration could not be removed (Lumbiganon et al., 1991).
END QUOTES
There may be meds developed since the article was written which discolor te=
eth, ditto veterinary-use-only drugs.
Those wanting to learn more can go to the article. There are photos. The =
discolorations shown in a number affect only certain teeth or parts of teet=
h
-- Sukie (not a vet, and not speaking for any of the below in my private po=
sts)
Recommended health resources to help ferrets and the people who love them:
Ferret Health List
http://www.smartgroups.com/groups/ferrethealth
FHL Archives
http://ferrethealth.org/archive/
AFIP Ferret Pathology
http://www.afip.org/ferrets/index.html
Miamiferrets
http://www.miamiferret.org/fhc/
International Ferret Congress Critical References
http://www.ferretcongress.org
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