From:
Sukie Crandall
Date: 2007-08-31 19:52:33 UTC
Subject: [ferrethealth] second hand smoke and pets
To: ferrethealth@yahoogroups.com
Ferrets have often been used as models for the damage that tobacco=20
can cause:
For example in PubMed searching on tobacco and ferrets
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
one can open the abstracts of a number of studies and at times link=20
to free full texts.
Kim Y, Chongviriyaphan N, Liu C, Russell RM, Wang XD.
Combined antioxidant (beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic=20
acid) supplementation increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and=20
inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the=20
ferret lung cancer model.
Carcinogenesis. 2006 Jul;27(7):1410-9. Epub 2006 Jan 9.
PMID: 16401635 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Wang XD.
Can smoke-exposed ferrets be utilized to unravel the mechanisms of=20
action of lycopene?
J Nutr. 2005 Aug;135(8):2053S-6S. No abstract available.
PMID: 16046740 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Hecht SS.
Carcinogenicity studies of inhaled cigarette smoke in laboratory=20
animals: old and new.
Carcinogenesis. 2005 Sep;26(9):1488-92. Epub 2005 Jun 1. Review.=20
Erratum in: Carcinogenesis. 2005 Nov;26(11):2029.
PMID: 15930027 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Kim Y, Liu XS, Liu C, Smith DE, Russell RM, Wang XD.
Induction of pulmonary neoplasia in the smoke-exposed ferret by 4-
(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK): a model for human=20
lung cancer.
Cancer Lett. 2006 Mar 28;234(2):209-19.
PMID: 15894421 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Liu C, Lian F, Smith DE, Russell RM, Wang XD.
Lycopene supplementation inhibits lung squamous metaplasia and=20
induces apoptosis via up-regulating insulin-like growth factor-
binding protein 3 in cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets.
Cancer Res. 2003 Jun 15;63(12):3138-44.
PMID: 12810641 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Liu C, Russell RM, Wang XD.
Exposing ferrets to cigarette smoke and a pharmacological dose of=20
beta-carotene supplementation enhance in vitro retinoic acid=20
catabolism in lungs via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):173-9.
PMID: 12514286 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Wolf G.
The effect of beta-carotene on lung and skin carcinogenesis.
Carcinogenesis. 2002 Aug;23(8):1263-5.
PMID: 12151342 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Wolf G.
The effect of low and high doses of beta-carotene and exposure to=20
cigarette smoke on the lungs of ferrets.
Nutr Rev. 2002 Mar;60(3):88-90. Review.
PMID: 11908745 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Liu C, Wang XD, Bronson RT, Smith DE, Krinsky NI, Russell RM.
Effects of physiological versus pharmacological beta-carotene=20
supplementation on cell proliferation and histopathological changes=20
in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets.
Carcinogenesis. 2000 Dec;21(12):2245-53.
PMID: 11133814 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Wang XD, Liu C, Bronson RT, Smith DE, Krinsky NI, Russell M.
Retinoid signaling and activator protein-1 expression in ferrets=20
given beta-carotene supplements and exposed to tobacco smoke.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jan 6;91(1):60-6.
PMID: 9890171 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Lotan R.
Lung cancer promotion by beta-carotene and tobacco smoke:=20
relationship to suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta and=20
increased activator protein-1?
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jan 6;91(1):7-9. No abstract available.
PMID: 9890162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Sindhu RK, Rasmussen RE, Kikkawa Y.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke results in an increased=20
production of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide in=20
juvenile ferret lung homogenates.
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996 Apr 19;47(6):523-34.
PMID: 8614021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Sindhu RK, Rasmussen RE, Kikkawa Y.
Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on the metabolism of (-)-trans-
benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol in juvenile ferret lung and liver.
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1995 Aug;45(4):453-64.
PMID: 7643432 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Sindhu RK, Rasmussen RE, Yamamoto R, Fujita I, Kikkawa Y.
Depression of hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases after chronic=20
environmental tobacco smoke exposure of young ferrets.
Toxicol Lett. 1995 Apr;76(3):227-38.
PMID: 7762009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
----------
Rasmussen RE, Mannix RC, Oldham MJ, Phalen RF.
Effects of nitrogen dioxide on respiratory tract clearance in the=20
ferret.
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994 Jan;41(1):109-20.
PMID: 8277524 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
but more come up when searching on smoke and ferrets.
A press release just out today, linked to from Eurekalert!'s set of=20
biology press releases:
http://dasnr8.dasnr.okstate.edu:8080/dasnr/Members/
trisha.gedon-40okstate.edu/secondhand-smoke-is-a-health-threat-to-pets
> Secondhand smoke is a health threat to pets
>
>
> STILLWATER, Okla. - It has been in the news for years about how=20
> secondhand smoke is a health threat to nonsmokers. The Center for=20
> Disease Control and Prevention indicates that secondhand smoke is=20
> attributed with killing thousands of adult nonsmokers annually.
>
>
>
> If smoking is that harmful to human beings, it would make sense=20
> that secondhand smoke would have an adverse effect on pets that=20
> live in the homes of smokers, said Dr. Carolynn MacAllister,=20
> Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service veterinarian.
>
> =93There have been a number of scientific papers recently that have=20
> reported the significant health threat secondhand smoke poses to=20
> pets,=94 MacAllister said. =93Secondhand smoke has been associated with =
> oral cancer and lymphoma in cats, lung and nasal cancer in dogs, as=20
> well as lung cancer in birds.=94
>
> She said a study conducted recently at Tuft College of Veterinary=20
> Medicine found a strong correlation between secondhand smoke and=20
> certain forms of cancer in cats. The number of cats with mouth=20
> cancer, also known as squamous cell carcinoma, was higher for those=20
> animals living in smoking environments versus those felines living=20
> in a smoke-free home. In addition, cats that lived with smokers for=20
> five or more years had an even higher incidence of this type of=20
> oral cancer.
>
> =93One reason cats are so susceptible to secondhand smoke is because=20
> of their grooming habits. Cats constantly lick themselves while=20
> grooming, therefore they lick up the cancer-causing carcinogens=20
> that accumulate on their fur,=94 MacAllister said. =93This grooming=20
> behavior exposes the mucous membrane of their mouth to the cancer-
> causing carcinogens.=94
>
> Malignant lymphoma is another type of cancer that cats that live=20
> with smokers have a higher risk of getting. This cancer occurs in=20
> the lymph nodes and cats are twice as likely to have this type of=20
> cancer compared to cats living in a non-smoking home. This form of=20
> cancer is fatal to three out of four cats within 12 months of=20
> developing the cancer.
>
> MacAllister also pointed out that secondhand smoke is greatly=20
> associated with the increased occurrence of cancer in the nose and=20
> sinus area among dogs. Research also indicates a slight association=20
> with lung cancer.
>
> =93A recent study conducted at Colorado State University shows that=20
> there is a higher incidence of nasal tumors in dogs living in a=20
> home with secondhand smoke compared to dogs living in a smoke free=20
> environment,=94 she said. =93The increased incidence was specifically =
> found among the long nosed breed of dogs. Shorter or medium nosed=20
> dogs showed higher rates for lung cancer.=94
>
> MacAllister said the longer nosed breeds of dogs have a great=20
> surface area in their noses that is exposed to the carcinogens.=20
> This also provides more area in which the carcinogens can=20
> accumulate. The carcinogens tend to build up on the mucous=20
> membranes of long nosed dogs so not as much reaches the lungs.
>
> Unfortunately, dogs affected with nasal cancer normally do not=20
> survive more than one year.
>
> =93The reason short and medium nose dogs have a higher occurrence of=20
> lung cancer is because their shorter nasal passages aren=92t as=20
> effective at accumulating the inhaled secondhand smoke=20
> carcinogens,=94 she said. =93This results in more carcinogens reaching =
> the lungs.=94
>
> Pet birds also are victims of secondhand smoke. A bird=92s=20
> respiratory system is hypersensitive to any type of pollutant in=20
> the air.
>
> MacAllister said the most serious consequences of secondhand smoke=20
> exposure in birds are pneumonia or lung cancer. Other health risks=20
> include eye, skin, heart and fertility problems.
>
> Secondhand smoke is not the only danger faced by pets that live in=20
> smoke filled environments. Poisoning is another risk they face.
>
> =93Curious pets can eat cigarettes and other tobacco products if the =
> products aren=92t stored properly,=94 MacAllister said. =93When ingested,=
=20
> this can cause nicotine poisoning, which can be fatal.=94
>
> It is important, both for the health of pets and others living in=20
> the household, that the smoker has a designated area in which to=20
> smoke that is physically separated from the home. In addition,=20
> always keep cigarettes, cigarette butts and other tobacco products=20
> put away.
>
> =93A better choice that could enhance your chances of enjoying a=20
> healthier lifestyle with your family and pets would be to stop=20
> smoking altogether,=94 MacAllister said.
>
> ###
>
> Oklahoma State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, State=20
> and Local Governments Cooperating: The Oklahoma Cooperative=20
> Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons=20
> regardless of race, color, national origin, religion, gender, age,=20
> disability, or status as a veteran, and is an equal opportunity=20
> employer.
>
>
>
> Trisha Gedon
> Communications Specialist
> Agricultural Communications Services
> 136 Agriculture North
> Oklahoma State University
> Stillwater, OK 74078
> 405-744-3625 (phone)
> 405-744-5739 (fax)
> trisha.gedon@okstate.edu
Sukie (not a vet)
Recommended ferret health links:
http://pets.groups.yahoo.com/group/ferrethealth/
http://ferrethealth.org/archive/
http://www.afip.org/ferrets/index.html
http://www.miamiferret.org/fhc/
http://www.ferretcongress.org/
http://www.trifl.org/index.shtml
http://homepage.mac.com/sukie/sukiesferretlinks.html
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
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