From:
"Sukie Crandall"
Date: 2007-04-07 17:18:59 UTC
Subject: [ferrethealth] Re:PVC' s and Water Bottles
To: ferrethealth@yahoogroups.com
--- In ferrethealth@yahoogroups.com, <ferretzrule@...> wrote:
>
> I didn't find any articles about the #3 thing, but I did find this medical presentation
regarding the use of PVC's in the medical field and its hazards...it does mention testing on
ferrets and the effects of PVC's on humans.
>
> http://www.cehca.org/documents/
PVC_DEHP_Janssen_roundtable_presentation_8-7-06.pdf
>
That is a nice resource. I did a little searching, too.
Effects appear to vary depending on the specific plastic
product or by-product, the species involved, the dose,
how administered, at what age administered, and so on.
BEGIN QUOTE
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002 Jul 12;65(13):933-45.
In vivo effects of bisphenol A on the polecat (mustela putorius).
Nieminen P, Lindstrom-Seppa P, Juntunen M, Asikainen J,
Mustonen AM, Karonen SL, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Kukkonen JV.
Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland.
Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental estrogen derived from the
plastic industry, was given orally via incorporation into the food
of 30 male and female polecats at 3 different doses (10, 50, or 250
mg/kg body weight/day) for 2 wk with 10 animals acting as controls.
Several hormone levels in the plasma were determined as well as the
activities of the phase I and II biotransformation enzymes
7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), cytosolic glutathione
S-transferase (GST), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT). BPA
did not cause any macroscopic effects on body mass or the health of
the animals. UDPGT and GST activities increased significantly in
direct correlation with increasing BPA exposure in females and UDPGT
increased in a dose-related manner in males. There was no change in
the plasma T4 and testosterone concentrations of the males with
increasing BPA exposure. Discriminant analysis indicated that the group
receiving 10 mg BPA/kg body weight/d was not different from the control
group but the groups receiving 50 and 250 mg/kg body weight/d were
different from the control group. This suggests physiological changes in
the groups receiving 50 or 250 mg BPA/kg body weight/d.
PMID: 12133237 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
END QUOTE
Okay, I am far from an expert, but it looks here like some earlier alternatives
had problems with viruses adhering to them, but certainly I could be
misunderstanding:
BEGIN QUOTE
Bioconjug Chem. 1999 Mar-Apr;10(2):271-8.
Inhibition of viral adhesion and infection by sialic-acid-conjugated
dendritic polymers.
Reuter JD, Myc A, Hayes MM, Gan Z, Roy R, Qin D, Yin R, Piehler LT,
Esfand R, Tomalia DA, Baker JR Jr.
Center for Biologic Nanotechnology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Multiple sialic acid (SA) residues conjugated to a linear polyacrylamide
backbone are more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting
influenza-induced agglutination of red blood cells. However, "polymeric
inhibitors" based on polyacrylamide backbones are cytotoxic. Dendritic
polymers offer a nontoxic alternative to polyacrylamide and may provide
a variety of potential synthetic inhibitors of influenza virus adhesion due
to the wide range of available polymer structures. We evaluated several
dendritic polymeric inhibitors, including spheroidal, linear, linear-
dendron copolymers, comb-branched, and dendrigraft polymers, for the
ability to inhibit virus hemagglutination (HA) and to block infection of
mammalian cells in vitro. Four viruses were tested: influenza A H2N2
(selectively propagated two ways), X-31 influenza A H3N2, and sendai.
The most potent of the linear and spheroidal inhibitors were 32-256-fold
more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting HA by the H2N2 influenza
virus. Linear-dendron copolymers were 1025-8200-fold more effective
against H2N2 influenza, X-31 influenza, and sendai viruses. The most
effective were the comb-branched and dendrigraft inhibitors, which
showed up to 50000-fold increased activity against these viruses. We
were able to demonstrate significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent
reduction of influenza infection in mammalian cells by polymeric inhibitors,
the first such demonstration for multivalent SA inhibitors. Effective
dendrimer polymers were not cytotoxic to mammalian cells at therapeutic
levels. Of additional interest, variation in the inhibitory effect was
observed with different viruses, suggesting possible differences due to
specific growth conditions of virus. SA-conjugated dendritic polymers may
provide a new therapeutic modality for viruses that employ SA as their
target receptor.
PMID: 10077477 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
END QUOTE
BEGIN QUOTE
Toxicology. 1976 Nov-Dec;6(3):341-56.
Studies on the effects of orally administered Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
in the ferret.
Lake BG, Brantom PG, Gangolli SD, Butterworth KR, Grasso P.
A target-organ study of the effects of the phthalate ester di-(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP) has been conducted in mature male albino ferrets. DEHP
treatment caused a loss of body weight when administered as a 1% (w/w)
diet for 14 months. Additionally marked liver enlargement with associated
morphological and biochemical changes was observed. These changes
consisted of liver cell enlargement, lysosomal changes, dilatation of the
endoplasmic reticulum and the depression of a number of marker enzyme
activities. The only other tissue observed to be affected by DEHP treatment
was the testes where histological evidence of tissue damage was observed
in some animals. Studies on the metabolism of [14C]DEHP in the ferret
indicated that the diester was metabolised to derivatives of
mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate which were excreted in the urine both
unconjugated and as glucuronides. The results obtained have been
compared with previous studies in the rat and it is concluded that DEHP is
hepatotoxic in both species.
PMID: 996879 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
END QUOTE
No abstracts available:
BEGIN QUOTES
Biochem Soc Trans. 1977;5(1):310-1.
The hepatic effects of orally administered di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
in the ferret.
Lake BG, Brantom PG, Gangolli SD, Butterworth KR, Grasso P, Lloyd AG.
PMID: 196961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Biochem Soc Trans. 1976;4(4):654-5.
Studies on the hydrolysis in vitro of phthalate esters by hepatic and intestinal
mucosal preparations from various species.
Lake BG, Phillips JC, Hodgson RA, Severn BJ, Gangolli SD, Lloyd AG.
PMID: 826432 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
END QUOTES
Certainly, there are a range of pseudoestrogen studies,
too, in other mammals and perhaps even more in fish
and herps esp. amphibians, and the attached hormonal
problems do appear to be able to negatively affect health,
form, weight, etc. depending on the specific plastic product
or by-product, the species involved, the dose, how
administered, at what age administered, and so on.
BTW, there are also natural plant estrogens (phytoestrogens)
which can pose some problems, for example, in recent studies
shampoos and other toiletries with either Tea Tree Oil or
Lavender Oil were found to have estrogenic activity and
anti-androgenic (male hormone) activity. The level of the effect
is large enough that there are young human males who have
required mastectomies. BTW, smoking marijuana at a formative
age has also had this result in some human males; I used to know
a university breast surgeon who told me how badly those surgeries
upset him.
Sukie (not a vet)
Current FHL address:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ferrethealth
Recommended ferret health links:
http://pets.groups.yahoo.com/group/ferrethealth/
http://ferrethealth.org/archive/
http://www.afip.org/ferrets/index.html
http://www.miamiferret.org/fhc/
http://www.ferretcongress.org/
http://www.trifl.org/index.shtml
http://homepage.mac.com/sukie/sukiesferretlinks.html
Yahoo! Groups Links
<*> To visit your group on the web, go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ferrethealth/
<*> Your email settings:
Individual Email | Traditional
<*> To change settings online go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ferrethealth/join
(Yahoo! ID required)
<*> To change settings via email:
mailto:ferrethealth-digest@yahoogroups.com
mailto:ferrethealth-fullfeatured@yahoogroups.com
<*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to:
ferrethealth-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
<*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to:
http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/