From:
"Sukie Crandall"
Date: 2007-04-16 22:25:08 UTC
Subject: [ferrethealth] Re: Freezing game.
To: ferrethealth@yahoogroups.com
--- In ferrethealth@yahoogroups.com, "Sukie Crandall" <sukie@...> wrote:
>
> --- In ferrethealth@yahoogroups.com, Chris Lloyd <chris.lloyd@> wrote:
> >
> > Hi Sukie, I'm more concerned about worms
>
> Interesting point. Anyone have any studies on parasites,
> parasite eggs and freezing?
>
I didn't find much but only did a quick and dirty search. Just
these and a few others which indicate that some parasites
are killed by freezing but others are not so you'd need to look
up specific ones. For instance:
>T. nativa can live in frozen fox meat for years
and
>Trichinella larvae in dog meat is resistant to freezing
They seem to differ, too, in temps needed and length of time
frozen needed.
BEGIN QUOTES
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1984 May 1;109(9):344-8.
Links
[Possibilities of survival of various parasites in meat and meat
products]
[Article in Dutch]
van Sprang AP.
The consumption of meat and meat products may result in
parasitic infection in man. Trichinella spiralis infection can be
very dangerous, but this parasite is now rarely encountered
in the Netherlands; the same applies to Taenia solium.
Taenia saginata is regularly detected but is not particularly
harmful to the consumer. The pathogenicity of Sarcocystis
bovihominis and Sarcocystis suihominis for humans remains
uncertain. Toxoplasma gondii may give rise to severe problems,
particularly congenital infections. It appears that freezing meat
for a sufficient time, or heating to 70 degrees C core temperature,
inactivate the parasites mentioned. Dry cured ham and fermented
sausages present little danger. Further study of the survival of
parasites in ' osseworst ', filet American and roastbeef is necessary.
Parasite. 2001 Jun;8(2 Suppl):S74-7.
Links
Outbreaks of human trichinellosis caused by consumption of dog
meat in China.
Cui J, Wang ZQ.
Department of Parasitology, Henan Medical University, Zhengzhou
450052, China. jingcui@371.net
Dog meat has become an important source of Trichinella infection for
humans in China. The first documented outbreak of human trichinellosis
resulting from the consumption of dog meat occurred in China in 1974.
Until 1999, the outbreaks with this source of infection occurred mostly
in Northeast of China (81 cases in five outbreaks in Jilin and two in
Liaoning), Beijing (six cases) and Henan provinces (two cases). The
epidemiological surveys were performed in nine Provinces or
Autonomous Regions of China among 19,662 dogs samples. Dogs
trichinellosis prevalence ranged from 7% in Henan to 39.5% in
Heilongjiang, with an overall prevalence of 21.1%. Based on random
amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprint (RAPD), some dog isolates of
Heilonjiang and Jilin provinces were recently identified as Trichinella
nativa, suggesting that this parasite is widely distributed among dogs
in Northeast of China, while Trichinella spiralis in swine appears to be
a common parasite throughout China. Since the Trichinella larvae in
dog meat is resistant to freezing, caution should be paid to the
consumption of dog meat even if it had been frozen.
PMID: 11484389 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Parasitol Res. 2006 Mar;98(4):349-54. Epub 2005 Dec 28.
Comparative analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa
proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Nareaho A, Ravanko K, Holtta E, Sukura A.
Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki,
Finland, anu.nareaho@helsinki.fi.
Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa are both common
wildlife parasites in Finland. However, they differ substantially
in their resistance to below 0 degrees C temperatures in their
natural hosts. T. nativa can live in frozen fox meat for years,
whereas T. spiralis dies when frozen. In mouse muscle, the
difference is not as evident; even T. nativa cannot maintain
infectivity when kept at -20 degrees C for 1 week. Crude larval
protein extracts of these two parasite species were analyzed by
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). The protein patterns
showed clear differences, but matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) peptide mass
fingerprint followed by database searches failed to identify these
proteins, suggesting that they may still be uncharacterized. The
patterns compared after freezing treatment at -20 degrees C
revealed changes in the intensity of some protein spots. The
antigenic differences of the species were analyzed with
two-dimensional Western blots, which showed T. spiralis-specific
proteins.
PMID: 16380837 [PubMed - in process]
Hawaii Med J. 1997 Jul;56(7):176-7.
Links
Diphyllobothriasis after eating raw salmon.
Hutchinson JW, Bass JW, Demers DM, Myers GB.
Department of Pediatrics, Tripler Army Medical Center,
Honolulu, HI 96859-5000, USA.
An 11-year-old boy in Hawaii passed mucus and a moving object
in his stool. The object was identified as a segment of the fish
tapeworm Diphyllobothrium species which is not indigenous to
Hawaii. Diphyllobothrium ova were also found in the stool. The
only raw fish he recalled eating in previous months were tuna
sushi and lomi-lomi salmon which usually contains raw but
previously frozen salmon. Of these two fish, only salmon which
is not native to Hawaiian waters, has been incriminated as a
significant source of diphyllobothrium fish tapeworm infection.
Freezing kills this parasite, however, we speculate that the raw
fish in the lomi-lomi salmon that our patient had eaten had not
been pre-frozen or was not adequately pre-frozen. Eating raw
salmon without certainty that it has been adequately pre-frozen
carries the risk of diphyllobothriasis or fish tapeworm infection.
PMID: 9264206 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Vet Parasitol. 1993 Oct;50(1-2):55-67.
Experimental modes of Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa:
Eimeriidae) infection in swine and the effects of temperature and
salinity on parasite infectivity in porcine tissue.
Douglas RJ, Sundermann CA, Perry LD, Douglas TS, Lindsay DS.
Department of Zoology and Wildlife Science, Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station, Auburn University 36849.
Four crossbred pigs (Sus scrofa) were inoculated orally with
Caryospora bigenetica oocysts derived from snake and mouse
feces, and with C. bigenetica infected mouse tissue. One pig
also was given i.m. injections of methylprednisolone acetate.
All four pigs displayed clinical signs including erythema, edema,
and lethargy. Caryocysts were observed histologically in
numerous tissues including ear, tongue, jowl, shoulder, loin,
intercostal, ham, hock, and feet. The four pigs each were
butchered into six commercial cuts: shoulder, loin, side, ham,
hock, and feet. Raw 10 g samples from each cut were bioassayed
by pepsin digestion and s.c. inoculation into 12 Swiss-Webster mice
(Mus musculus) and 12 cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Seventeen
of 24 mice and cotton rats exhibited clinical signs and C. bigenetica
tissue infections. Remaining portions of the six commercial cuts were
temperature or saline treated, and 10 g samples were bioassayed in
16 mice and 12 cotton rats. No clinical sign or tissue infection was
observed in these animals. Our study presents evidence that swine
can be infected with C. bigenetica by ingesting oocysts present in
snake feces or mouse feces (following inoculation of mice with
snake-derived oocysts) or by ingesting C. bigenetica infected rodent
tissue, that endogenously produced C. bigenetica oocysts are not
excreted in the feces of swine, and that C. bigenetica in pork can be
rendered noninfective by freezing at -20 degrees C (-4 degrees F) for
21 days, frying at 84 degrees C (183 degrees F) for 17 min, microwaving
at 88 degrees C (190 degrees F) for 17 min, grilling at 82 degrees C
(180 degrees F) for 48 min, baking at 95 degrees C (203 degrees F) for
230 min, boiling at 100 degrees C (212 degrees F) for 60 min, or by
curing at 4 degrees C (39 degrees F) for 20 days.
PMID: 8291197 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Int J Food Microbiol. 1992 Mar-Apr;15(3-4):357-63.
Links
Infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii in mutton following curing, smoking,
freezing or microwave cooking.
Lunden A, Uggla A.
Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
To investigate the effects of curing with sodium chloride and sucrose,
low temperature smoking, freezing at -20 degrees C, and cooking in a
microwave oven, respectively, on the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii
encysted in mutton, meat from three experimentally and one naturally
infected sheep was used. Samples of meat prepared accordingly as
well as untreated, raw meat from each animal were assayed by mouse
inoculation. Infective T. gondii was isolated from untreated samples from
all animals used, but in no case from cured, smoked or frozen meat.
However, in two of four steaks processed in a microwave oven, according
to a standard household recipe, the parasite remained infective, possibly
due to uneven heating of the meat.
PMID: 1419541 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
END QUOTES
Sorry, but I am very short on time today
Sukie (not a vet)
Current FHL address:
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